Negative Effects Of Doping In Sport - 974 Words

Athletes who want to maximise their performance are continually tempted to use illicit drugs to gain competitive advantage and to aid recovery from training and injuries. Doping in sport can affect performance, destroy reputations, impact friends, families, teams and community support. Doping is defined as the administration of drugs to an animal or person in order to enhance sporting performance. Doping has been traced all the way back to 393 BC when Ancient Greeks used substances to improve their performance in the Greek Olympics. Although the issue had been identified many centuries ago, modern day athletes still use similar substances for the same perverse reasons. Some performance enhancing substances include: the human growth†¦show more content†¦Athletes who are part of the Registered Testing Pool (RTP) need to let ASADA know where they are going to be, at specific times, so we can perform no-advance notice testing. ASADA provides a list of all the prohibited substan ces and methods and implements sanctions to those who do not abide by the World Anti-Doping Code. They also offer athlete counselling to prevent athletes from doping or reoffending (Asada.gov.au, 2017). I am against doping in sport as it is unfair, risky and supports the illegal distribution of substances. The most obvious reason why I do not support the use of drugs in sport is because it gives the athlete using the drugs an unfair advantage over the other athletes. This is especially unacceptable in large events such as the Olympics, Tour De France and other world-wide competitions, as the Athlete is representing their country. For example, Tyson Gay beat Usain Bolt (fastest man in the world) in the 100 m sprint in 2010 only to be found guilty after testing positive to a heavy duty steroid. It is speculated that Gay’s victory was assisted by this (Hart, 2017) (sport, 2017). In addition to this, using drugs in sport can be very detrimental to the athlete’s health and well-being. Athletes who take performance enhancers often do not think about the repercussions. Prolonged use of steroids can cause physical and psychological side effects. Some of theseShow MoreRelatedSh ould Blood Doping Be Illegal or Legal in Sports?1499 Words   |  6 Pagescreate ways to become the best in his/her competitive sports; especially when one have to use a lot of endurance and energy to win. In order to be the best you have to put in the work. Some athletes do it the hard way, such as eating healthy, exercising and training. Others use the easy way out, engaging with steroids, enhancements, and blood doping to get ahead of the competition. Many professional athletes have taken to the practice of blood doping in order to gain a competitive edge in their fieldRead MoreDoping And Its Effect On Athletes1456 Words   |  6 PagesDoping has been present in sport since professional competition began and can be traced back to Ancient Greece. In the last century, doping has escalated as a problem due to physical advantages it gives athletes and health risks associated with long term use (Derse Wilson, 2001). For doping prevention to be successful support staff must establis h boundaries and understand motives behind an athletes’ decision to dope, including ethical considerations. Ethical decision-making is the ability to distinguishRead MorePerformance Drugs Should Not Be Legal1498 Words   |  6 Pageshave died from taking them. Because of all physically harmful effects that performance enhancing drugs have, it should be deemed illegal in all states. Men and women have always wanted to surpass themselves and for some people, sports is the way they achieve that. All throughout sporting history there has always been a technique to try or a substance to take to increase their strength or improve their performance artificially. Doping is the misuse of performance enhance drugs during training orRead MoreDoping Testing Should Not Be Banned1669 Words   |  7 Pagesworld by â€Å"the Nazis because they needed aggressive soldiers†(Sports in America: Recreation, Business, Education,;Controversy., and Performance-enhancing Drugs). Doping was introduced into sports because people wanted to have an â€Å"extra advantage on their opponents†(Sports in America: Recreation, Business, Education,;Controversy., and Performance-enhancing Drugs). Drug testing was introduced to the world in 1968 at the Olympics (Sports in America: Recreation, Business, Education,;Controversy., andRead MoreHow Drugs Affects The Body And The Side Effect s Of The Drugs1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthe issue of athletes using drugs in sport to enhance their performance. In my first paragraph I will be talking about the different types of drugs used in sport, how drugs effect the body and the side effects of the drugs. In my second paragraph I will be talking about how the performance enhancing drugs effect the performance of an athlete and why they do/ use the. In my 3rd paragraph I will be talking about the negative and positive effects of drugs in sport, the main drugs I will be focusing onRead MoreBlood Doping, Human Growth Hormones, Steroid, Beta 2 Agonists1526 Words   |  7 Pages(EPO), blood doping, human growth hormones, steroid, beta-2 agonists. These are a few substances that come into mind when discussing the topic performance enhancing drug also known as doping. Doping is defined as the use of drugs to enhance performance and gain advantage over the other competitors, and it has been an ongoing problem in the sport commun ity since the early centuries, with an increasing trend showing today. Envision yourself competing against an opponent who has been doping! How wouldRead MoreEssay about Performance Enhancing Drugs1009 Words   |  5 PagesPerformance Enhancing Drugs For many years sports have played huge roles in human’s everyday lives. From entertainment, political, financial and to actually competing in them. The task for the sportsmen or women, especially in the top rank, is to beat the other competitors and get a good result from it. Here there is a high amount of pressure on many athletes coming from the media, coaches, themselves etc. They have the wanting to do well and achieve their goals and aims so much that some of theRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Steroids In Sports951 Words   |  4 PagesSteroids in sports has been one of the biggest controversial topics since 1904 when Olympic marathon runner, Thomas Hicks, used a mixture of brandy and strychnine and nearly died. However, the use of PED’s (performance enhancing drugs) dates all the back to 776 BC with the Ancient Greek athletes. In sports todays the question is whether or not these types of drugs should be banned from competition. In sports today it is all about entertaining the common people. Americans tune in every night to watchRead MoreThe Athletes And Professional Athletes1455 Words   |  6 Pagesduring intense or high heart rate exercise is also crucial to reaching pro potential. Sleep is usually overlooked, but most of the muscle building and repair takes place while humans are in their deepest stages of R.E.M. Although in today’s world of sports all these aspects are pushed to the side with the discovery of performance enhancing drugs or steroids. Steroids work by allowing the body to produce artificial proteins, which as long as athletes work out, leads to increased muscle size and strengthRead MoreThe Legalization Of Steroids Should Be Beneficial For The World Of Sport1226 Words   |  5 Pagesseem to to be having a negative view for much of history. Steroids are drugs used by athletes to become stronger and achieve a strong physique. Steroids are illegal and are strongly discouraged to be used and may be seen first expressed during high school with the introduction of organized sport teams. The perspective against the legalization of steroids believes in the many benefits of legalization. The perspective for the legalization of steroid expresses the harmful effects of steroids. My view

The Mind of Monsters - 1390 Words

â€Å"I can kill a man, dismember his body, and be home in time for Letterman. But knowing what to say when my girlfriends feeling insecure... Im totally lost†-Dexter Morgan (Hall, 2007). Dexter Morgan is a fictional serial killer from Showtime’s series â€Å"Dexter†, but the writers and actors have portrayed a real life serial killer. Manuel Prado is the real Dexter Morgan. Prado was a Miami cop who started with smaller crime and worked his way up to becoming a serial killer. †Prosecutor David Waksman told the Miami Herald: He was very cold. He was doing robberies and went home and slept like a baby. He was proud of what he did.† (International, 2012) Real life serial killers do not have any empathy. They kill their victims and then return to†¦show more content†¦Once that is all clean, he must dispose of the body. Common places to dump a body are rivers, woods or lakes. But in extreme and rare cases serial killers eat their victims. The mind of a serial killer is not right and is considered a psychopath. This can be caused by brain damage. â€Å"After Henry Lee Lucas was convicted, he underwent numerous neurological tests that revealed fairly extensive brain damage. Small contusions indicated a frontal lobe injury, and there was damage to his temporal lobe and pools of spinal fluid at the base of his brain† (Vronsky, 2005). Lucas’s brain damage is just one cause. Another common reason is that the serial killer would of had an abusive childhood. â€Å"Traditionally, the answer has been a horrific upbringing. Most serial killers were abused as children, many hideously so.† (Sandi, n.d) This can have a range of different abusive activities. One example would be an abusive mother. The killer’s mother would have abused him therefore making him hate women. That would be an example of how a man killing female serial killer would relate. He would physically abuse the women just like his mother abused him. Another form of abuse is an alcoholic parent. The serial killer would wait outside of a bar and look to see of his potential victims were under the influence. If they were then they would most likely kill the person. A serial killer can also have a euphoric moment. He could see hisShow MoreRelatedPsychological Horror : The Mind As The Monster Of The Story1500 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is one horror that uses the human mind as the monster of the story? Psychological horror uses their psyche as the antagonist to invoke fear in the character as well as the reader. Psychological horror is a sub-genre of horror in literature. Psychological horror is a unique category because it does not rely on outside forces to create tension and fear; instead terror is derived from the mind. Psychological fear can be created with discomfort by exposing common psychological and emotionalRead MoreMonsters within a Young Girl’s Mind: Frankenstein by Mary Shelley1379 Word s   |  6 Pagescorrelation with the wretch and Hercules—both creatures fashioned in large hideous stature and alienated from society— thus, parallel to Prometheus and Victor Frankenstein. Mary Shelley corresponds with the tale of Hercules; in that Frankenstein’s monster committed six murders; just as the son of Zeus, during his madness only to feel remorse. Hercules was driven mad so that he kill those that were dear to him—his wife and children. In connection to this Frankenstein also was the reason behind the deathRead MoreFrankenstein: Morality Essay791 Words   |  4 Pagesthat it was alright to create a monster. Frankensteins creation needed a companion. Knowing that his first creation was evil should the doctor make a second? With the knowledge at hand, to Dr.Frankenstein, it is not at all morally correct to bring another monster into the world. Looking at this problem with his family in mind, the doctor begins his work on the second monster. The first monster threatened Frankenstein and even his family. The monster angrily said to Frankenstein, IRead MoreWho Is The Monster? Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesWho is the monster Mary Shelley the daughter of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft, she was born in 1797. Mary known that her spent the rest of her life writing to support her family; she also wrote essays, short stories, and travelogues. The most famous of her novels is Frankenstein. Frankenstein was really popular in culture, is also very popular in the romantic era call Gothic novel very popular at that time. The idea for her novel is from her nightmare. In the Frankenstein novel, the mainRead MoreSigmund Freud s Frankenstein 1299 Words   |  6 Pagesare unware of; he explained the definition of the uncanny which is â€Å"the uncanny is that class of the frightening which lead back to what is known of old and long familiar.† One can see the relation of the uncanny to May Shelley’s Frankenstein, the monster that was created by the character named Victor Frankenstein was greeted with fear by the people he meets. The monster’s treatment of fear put him under the category of Sigmund Freud’s The Uncanny. we see a point of commonality where the relation ofRead MoreSigmund Freud s Frankenstein 1361 Words   |  6 Pagesthey are unware of. He explained the definition of the uncanny which â€Å"the uncanny is that class of the frightening which lead back to what is known of old and long familiar.† One can see the relation of the uncanny to May Shelley’s Frankenstein, the monster that was created by the character named Victor Frankenstein who was greeted with fear by the people he meets. The monster’s treatment of fear put him under the category of Sigmund Freud’s The Uncanny. We see a point of commonality where the relationRead MoreFrankenstein the True Monster1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe Real Monster Science is a broad field which covers many aspects of everyday life and existence. Some areas of science include the study of the universe, the environment, dinosaurs, animals, and insects. Another popular science is the study of people and how they function. In Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Dr. Victor Frankenstein is an inspiring scientist that studies the dead. He wants to be the first person to give life to a dead human being. He spends all of his time concentrating on thisRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily and friends passed, and. When finally this is achieved, everything crumbles. So, Victor Frankenstein is to blame for the tragedy, not the monster he has created, because he is the mastermind behind the whole operation, which is supposed to have everything under control, working properly as a good scientist should do. Although some critics say the monster Victor has created is to blame for the destruction and violence following the experiment is Victor, who is the responsible party. First, VictorRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Frankenstein 920 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom society and his responsibilities. The cause of Victor’s sickness correlates with the stress and worry he experiences due to the creation of the monster, while sickness foreshadows tragic future events throughout the novel. Victor uses sickness as a cover or â€Å"safety blanket† in order to escape the guilt and stress due to the creation of the monster. Confined to his sick bed, Victor’s family and friends do not expect him to take on any responsibilities or work. Sickness allows one to take a reprieveRead MoreThe Consequentialist Theory Of Monsters952 Words   |  4 PagesConsequentialist theory and how it is applied in Monsters Inc. The Consequentialism-utilitarianism method looks at determining if act is right or wrong. It is determined consequential because it does not look at characteristics of how the act was performed but only on the final product. Act utility determines that if an act is ethically right if it maximizes utility. Consequentialism-Utilitarianism is signified in this movie because of what is at stake for the monsters. In Consequentialism-Utilitarianism the

 Dogs and Cats Make Wonderful Pets Because free essay sample

Dogs and cats make wonderful pets because they help you to live longer. There are several debates whether dogs and cats as pets will make humans live longer than usual. In this essay, we are going to show some research studies about it. People love their pets. More than 60 percent of U. S. households include pets, and those pet owners pay around $41 billion a year into pet care . This may seem like a lot of money. But when you consider the fact that owning a pet could very likely add years to your life ,owning a pet may very well be a wise investment. According to a study by the Minnesota Stroke Institute that followed more than 4,000 cat owners over 10 years, owning a cat can dramatically reduce a persons chance of dying from heart disease . Specifically, people who owned cats were 30 percent less likely to suffer a heart attack. Although those researchers cannot make the same conclusions about dogs based on the data they gathered, they suspect a dog study would provide similar results. We will write a custom essay sample on   Dogs and Cats Make Wonderful Pets Because or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That study merely adds to the existing evidence that shows how animals can benefit human health. For example, psychologists have found reason to believe that owning a dog helps lower your blood pressure and your cholesterol . And other research shows that pets help us feel better overall and help us to deal with stress, which can be a source of illness . One study observed neural activity in seniors while they walked or interacted with a dog. It turned out that walking with a dog gave seniors a boost in parasympathetic nervous system activity, which is good because the parasympathetic nervous system helps calm and rest the body.

The Shallows A Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Shallows: A Rhetorical Analysis Essay In the book The Shallows Nicholas Carr develops his argument just as an architect would construct a building. The foundation is laid then in tedious and eloquent manner he begins his argument that defines the book. Shedding light upon the dangers our society may encounter through the internet, Carr uses personal anecdotes, parallels, ethic and reason based arguments, and disguises himself as an authoritative figure to execute a view changing book. Exerting personal anecdotes on the way the internet has changed him; Carr begins his book in a subtle manner. He begins describing one of his first dilemmas, I had become trapped, not unhappily, in the upgrade cycle I retired the aging Plus in 1994, replacing it withwhat seemed at the time a miraculously fast 33-megahertz processor. A very compelling feeling to undergo, the upgrade cycle tempts customers to always buy that next hot item on the list, always seeming to procure the most sophisticated technology. He goes on to promote more feelings, The more I used it, the more it altered the way I worked to introduce one of the ways Carr has been transformed. 13) This early statement draws in readers to begin questioning whether their actions have changed in response to the internet. The connection that occurs here is one that starts shifting the reader to a negative or pessimistic view on the internet. Carr then states, I missed my old brain which connotes there is something wrong with his new brain and allows the readers to once again reflect. (16) Not only do these anecdotes serve the purpose of building a personal relationship, they make the readers susceptible to believing Carrs statements because he is just like you. Turning from a style that is staunch and informal to informative, Carr begins to lay the foundation in the next chapters. Using parallels to show the effects previous technologies had on society, Carr induces we will see extensive changes from the internet. Just as the book and silent reading made humans more deep creative thinkers, the internet is liable to change us into sporadic distracted humans. Anything but non-existent, the parallel suggests that technology is having a definite change on our plastic brains. New technologies mold us to their likings whether we adhere to them or not. And as mechanical clocks were not manufactured to spur the adoption of a more scientific mode of thinking the internet is not intended to create more adverted, shallow thinking humans. But all behaviors prevailing show that it is. Acknowledging this fact, readers can either begin to challenge that their life is being changed or affirm the conclusion. This parallel is exactly the strategy needed to convince readers that its an inventions intellectual ethic that has the most profound effect on us. Before entering the final crest of Carrs gist, After cutting through the forests of Carrs logistics, we find his ethical arguments coming about. His digressions are the first major points, they provide a commonly perceived social norm that the author then breaks down and proves fallacies in. One that stood out the most, IQ scores being higher than ever before. Not only does he state that this is a misconstrued fact, he argues that the ethics behind using computers to increase our knowledge is ironic because it actually decreases our working memory which is proportional to our IQ. Carr believes either that these numbers have come out of no-where or that there is some other source causing them. Carr also challenges the ethics that reading more is the way to produce deeper thinking, but points out, most of our reading now-a-days is mostly unconsciously we glance at road signs, menus, headlines, shopping lists, the labels of products in stores which are of brief duration and allow us to dwell only in the shallows. Is the fact that we literally have no time on our hands a source of this shallow behavior? .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875 , .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875 .postImageUrl , .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875 , .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875:hover , .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875:visited , .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875:active { border:0!important; } .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875:active , .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875 .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue3d277d68b1f6771228385bf1f511875:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparison of Hughes and Plath - Wuthering Hieghts EssayIf you think about it, compared to back then where travel was restricted only by foot, how much more time people had at home. In todays society it is unlikely that many of us have 2 hours of leisure time between our busy schedules. This contributes to the argument that Carr is making, we thrive on short bits of information because we have no time to read in depth, and without in depth analysis apart of our daily schedules, we cease to desire it. Being engrained in our minds, the faster the information the better has become shown through mediums such as Facebook and Twitter. These social sites constantly renew with new status and updates occurring as fast as the eye can blink and pertain a limited character count that keeps the brain satisfied with its new craving. Not only does Carr want us to believe it because he has said it, he wants to articulate our beliefs with studies from numerous people. This approach used disguises him as an authoritative figure that causes readers to be more liable to believing him. Everything Carr states is backed up with a study that proves his point. After discussing how the internet is taking the place of CDs, TV shows, and radio programs he brings up McLuhans Understanding Media which states A new medium is never an addition to an old one, nor does it leave the old one in peace. It never ceases to oppress the older media until it finds new shapes and positions for them. Not only does Carr want to introduce opinions to you, he wants to back them up with other opinions that support his, so in your aspect it seems as if this is true. Affecting the subconscious, he delivers the supporting opinions that give readers the assurance what he is saying must be true. Carr, focused intently on, his subject, spreading his opinion, and warning us of our path to fulfilling Kubriks dark prophecy, ends his book on a vivid solution, when doing something; concentrate on being fully present in the activity even if it means putting up the cell phone or laptop.

The best of me free essay sample

Have you ever experienced being one of the excellent students until such time you belong to the bottom of the class of your batch? Or have you ever fell asleep while taking your final exam for the entire grading? Well, in my real life I encountered that kind of difficulty. It was unsullied and unambiguous memory I can still remember. Way back to my high school life, I’m one of the excellent students in our class but on my third year high school I was known as one of the stupid person of our class when our teacher released the result of our grades for the entire grading. Let me give you the information why I failed my grade. It was my first subject on our examination day, I am too confident really confident that I can answer it perfectly even though I feel like I’m falling down to the sky. We will write a custom essay sample on The best of me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am sitting at the corner of the room and the person sitting next to me is Mike and next to him is Gine. Our teacher gave us the examiner’s sheet and the test questionnaires, as I’m looking on the exam I find too easy as I study the whole night before that day, then after a few minutes our teacher allow us to start answering. In the middle of the exam I fell asleep, neither Mike nor my bestfriend wake me up. When I awake I realize that they are almost done answering the exam while I am still on the number 56 out of 200 items and the time allowance left is only 25 minutes, I talk to myself â€Å"OMG!!! I fell asleep, I need to answer all of this as soon as possible but I am out of time†. Our teacher declared the time left â€Å"Class, 20 minutes left†, I was in a dazed that I may not able to answer the exam. I still have the hope to finish the exam yet I answered with approximation of 150 items. Our teacher collected the examiner’s sheet and she leave the room as she collected it. After 2 days of our examination, she announce the student who reach the highest score and the student who failed her subject, â€Å"The person who was able to got the highest score is Ms. Alba and I am very sorry for Ms. Vidad because he is the only student on this batch who failed the subject†, when I heard all of that I’m terribly depressed and disappointed at the same time. And that was the most embarrassing moment I can remember in my whole life.

IMF †International Monetary Fund

IMF – International Monetary Fund Free Online Research Papers IMF International Monetary Fund On, 1st July 1944, World War II, perhaps the darkest age of the human race, was about to end. The allies have landed in Normandy, and the fall of the Axis powers was inevitably near. Already, the economic visionaries and idealists have gathered at Bretton Woods to discuss the future economy of the upcoming peaceful times. After twenty-two days of meeting, twenty-nine participating nations signed the articles of agreement and the International Monetary Fund was established, with its noble goals to provide a world of economic cooperation, to maintain a fixed exchange rate, to safeguard against any nations misfortunes and disequilibrium, and to achieve a world economy that would reduce the possibilities of isolationism and therefore, war. Yet, after fifty years of commitment to that noble goal, after providing more than $100 billion dollars to developing nations, the program is facing grave opposition and a possible end to its organization. Anti-IMF organizations have begun to wage a vicious campaign named 50 years is enough against the IMF and the World Bank. Did the IMFs service to the world economy have a negative effect? Or is it because the environmental, political, financial and humanitarian concerns outweigh the positive economic gains of the organization? Or has the rapid advancement of the world economy made the once useful organizations services obsolete? A closer examination of the organization and its workings, its problems, and its opponent’s positions reveals the answers to these questions. The International Monetary Fund officially started operating on March 1, 1947. The philosophy behind the organization was mainly influenced by two men: Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes. They were both heavily influenced by main economic and political events of the 1920s and 1930s: the economic depression connected with isolationist policies of the thirties and the rise of extremist political forces in Germany and the Soviet Union. Most of the experts thought that these events were more or less a consequence of the collapse of the international trade system in the interwar years. We share this view to this day: an isolated country is much more prone to be subject to destructive political forces of the left or of the right, as examples abound, than a country fully integrated in world economic cooperation . But the two disagreed on the method of bringing about that world economy that will prevent such depressions and related political dangers. John Maynard Keynes, a brilliant British economist proposed a world reserve currency system, which would be governed by a central bank. However, the view which prevailed was that of U.S. delegates led by Harry Dexter White, who opted for a system based on the relatively free movement of goods with the dollar as the international currency . In the end, the IMF was established to promote international monetary cooperation by maintaining fixed exchange rates among the currencies of different nations . To accomplish this, the Fund was to make short-term loans to nations which had temporary balance of payments deficits (i.e., when the net imports of a nation exceeded its exports). The three to five years loans would then allow a nation to recover from its imbalance without having to resort to devaluing its currency . These loans are given out according to a quota that is set for each country. The quotas consist of the capital each country has paid in, usually twenty-five percent in gold and the rest in the member nation s currency. A member nation can exchange a portion of its quota to buy another nations currency, usually in dollars, German marks, or Japanese yen. These funds in turn can be used to support the borrowing countrys currency on exchange markets or to pay off creditors while it gets its economy back in shape. However, the IMF was unable to foster the fixed exchange system. The inflation of many countries made devaluation of their currencies inevitable . Finally, on August 15, 1971, the fixed rate system complete collapsed when the United States abandoned the gold-exchange standard. Many critics speculated that the IMF would fade into oblivion since its primary role maintenance of fixed rates was eliminated . The agency, however, survived. The IMF actually substantially expanded its roles in the World economy. When it no longer had fixed exchange rates to justify its existence, IMF turned to lending for balance of payments deficits as its primary function. Between 1970 and 1975 the volume of the Funds lending more than doubled in real terms, and from 1975 to 1982 it increased by a further 58 percent . With its generous loan commitments to more than 30 nations totaling more than $30 billion per year, it is no doubt that its contribution to economic stability has been significant. When Turkey experienced a severe balance-of-payments crisis in the late 1970s, the IMF arranged a two-year, $450 million credit in 1978, and a three-year $1.6 billion credit in 1980. Turkey, for its part, agreed to successive currency devaluations, higher domestic interest rates and cuts in government spending and subsidies. The results were successful: inflation fell from 94% in a year to 30%, while economic growth rate rose from 1% to 4%. Even politically, Turkey was saved by IMF, and returned to civilian rule . In Jamaica, heavy taxes, curtailed investment, crop failures, poor sugar prices and falling tourism revenues combined to create an economic disaster. Jamaica soon became the largest borrower from the IMF. After the Harvard educated Seaga became elected, he secured a $650 million three-year line of credit from the IMF. Combined with a resurgence in investor confidence (partially due to excellent leadership, and perhaps also as a result of the IMF loans), IMF aid stabilized and improved the Jamaican economy modestly. Inflation fell from 30% to less than 7% in less than two years. Perhaps the best example illustrating the importance of IMF is its admission of an aid to Mexico: The Fund, created near the end of World War II to encourage trade and help a few industrial nations stabilize their currencies, had been forced by Mexicos near-bankruptcy and subsequent severe strains in Argentina and Brazil into a new, activist role, designed to hold together a world financial system under enormous stress. Some are already describing the fund as the worlds bank of last resort, the institution that will stand behind third-world countries and their bankers trying to guarantee the good faith of both borrower and lender . Yet, as IMF approaches year 1997 its fiftieth anniversary it has become the target of various attacks. Most of these attacks are concerned with the issues of politics, financial policies, humanitarianism, and the environment. It seems that in the single-minded attitude that the IMF takes to bring about recoveries of economies has its immeasurable costs. The IMF, in its attempts to stimulate the economies of third-world countries and to devaluate their currencies, often lead to environmental destruction and severe cuts in the nations social welfare programs. Critics claim that the women and the poor often become the victims of these recovery or stimulation processes. The structural and financial policies of had wide-ranging effects recently in Argentina , where the IMF structural adjustment policies have been blamed for the current economic downturn. The recessional climate has occurred due to a loss in confidence in the economy as a whole, and trade liberalization (IMF policy) keeping wages low. Although employment may be high in the short-run, it is unsustainable as the public will spend less causing muted profits and ultimately private sector cutbacks on investment and employment, giving a stagnant economy. Also, the peso became fixed to the dollar, which was designed in theory to give stability to the currency and provide the basis to build a healthy economy. However, fixed exchange rates have not worked historically and this is no exception, I feel, because Argentinas main trade is with Europe and Southern America, not the USA. My view is that the IMF tried to force policies upon a country when they need the whole world to be in similar oper ation in order to see a successful outcome as the theory suggests. Other policies seen in examples such as Honduras, Kenya, South Africa and Bolivia include the reduction of price controls, increased interest rates, export promotion, decreased government expenditure and privatization . Reducing price controls, enables more trade but causes huge price rises, often including vital basic goods and services such as food. This can be worsened by export promotion which encourages land use to alter to cash crops thereby creating expensive and high demand land, plus dependence on other international commodities which suddenly also become more expensive. When you combine these factors with lower wages as illustrated by the Argentina example, it is becoming more and more difficult for marginal families to get by and just survive day-to-day life. Increased interest rates have caused massive reductions in inflation and therefore prices, leading, as history suggests, to a stagnant economy. This is worsened by the decrease in government expenditure, freezing the public sector, and also worsening the health and education systems which produce the future workforce of the country. To secure the future of infant industries and small businesses, a dynamic economy is required, the main reason why governments seek to lend in the first place, only brought by protectionism in the early stages. Although privatization increases efficiency, it creates mass unemployment and helps to only widen the already unequal distribution of income within such countries; therefore government control is very necessary. In concluding, it is important to realize that the IMF ultimately loans single countries money on the promise of implementing policies, and this money given is used to pay back international banks. The donor countries are often forced into this as there is no other alternative open to them, but ultimately the IMF are the only organization that do what they do , so where would some countries be without them? To help the countries recover from economic crises, IMF often encourages the construction of unpopular dams, mines, and timber harvests to create a large amount of foreign exchange. In Guyana, South Africa, such an IMF insured gold mine caused the largest cyanide spill in human history. The result was the pollution of Guyanas largest river, which suffered a severe cutback in wildlife and became unusable for the inhabitants. Such environmental and social concerns have created a strong force of opposition to the IMF organization . Political scientists also question the policies of IMF and its effects on the countries that rely upon it. Because of IMFs neutral stand on politics, the fund will serve as a safety net for any nations economy regardless of whether it is democratic or despotic. As a result, many politicians believe that IMF helps maintain despotic rule in third world countries, and that mismanaged economies are kept going under the loans of IMF. Where as without it, there might have been change for the better. So, after fifty years, IMF and the World Bank have come to be viewed as mixed blessings. But nevertheless, it was successfully committed to its original goals to bring about cooperation in world economy, and to bring about stability and prosperity. Economics was the sole concern of the Bretton Woods convention, and economics had been the sole aspect that IMF is concerned with. And it has been more than successful in that field. Little did the founders of IMF know that maintaining the world economy would come at a price of lost social programs, lost personal liberties, and destruction to the environment? But the final question of whether it is more important to promote the economy or to protect those who would be victimized by an IMF plan is simply too subjective. Research Papers on IMF - International Monetary FundAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWDefinition of Export QuotasLifes What IfsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Project Managment Office System

C130 Aircraft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

C130 Aircraft - Essay Example The C-130 Aircraft also known as the Lockheed C-130 Hercules is a four-engine aircraft build by Lockheed during the 1950s. It is been serving since many years as a transport aircraft for military. This aircraft was originally developed as an assault transport. This was later used for a variety of missions such as: The C-130 aircraft is capable of traveling through rough, dirt strips. It is the basic mean of transport where paratroop and dropping of equipment is concerned for hostile regions all around the globe. It is the only aircraft that is in a process of continuous production for more than 50 years and have been participating in a huge number of missions of aid for humanity, military and civilian. With its original primary customer it has became the fifth most continuously used aircraft in the history, the first being the English Electric Canberra. (Posner, 2000, p. 1) The transports that were earlier used at the time of Korean World War II in June 1950 were C-119 Flying Boxcars, C-47 Sky trains and C-46 Commandos. However these were proved to be inadequate and insufficient to perform to the fullest and for a variety of purposes. After this realization, on February 02, 1951, the air force of the United States of America put forward a General Operating Requirement for a new transport. This requirement was introduced to a number of companies including: 1. Lockheed. 2. Martin. 3. Chase Aircraft. 4. Fairchild. 5. Douglas. 6. Northrop. 7. North American. 8. Boeing. 9. Airlifts Inc. (Stokes, 2000, p. 2) This new transport was required to have a capacity 92 passengers, also of 72 combat troops or 64 paratroopers. The range was required to be of 1300 miles and 2000 kilometers. Also it should be able to work well while having one of its engines turned off. Out of these companies only placed the tender of an accumulated number of ten designs for the required specifications including: 1. Boeing proposed one, 2. Lockheed proposed two, 3. Douglas proposed three, 4. Airlifts proposed one, and 5. Chase Aircraft proposed to design three under the specification The Lockheed design was developed and headed by Willis Hawkins. This was a proposal of 130 pages. There was close competition between the design proposals of Lockheed and that of Douglas. (Stokes, 2000, p. 3) The company won the contract on July 02, 1951 and was signed by the Company's Vice President and Chief Engineer Hall Hibbard. The first flight of the newly built YC-130 was carried out on August 23, 1954 from Burbank, California. This aircraft was piloted by Stanley Beltz and Roy Wimmer. Then later on the production of C-130 begins. It was started to being produced in Marietta Georgia. More than 2300 of C-130 were built at that time. Deliveries of the said started in December 1956. (Neely, 2000, p. 4) SPECIFICATIONS AND COST OF C-130 AIRCRAFT: The aircraft power plant includes Four Allison T56-A-15 turboprops, 4300 horsepower, each engine. The weight of the empty